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to make bloodless

Толкование Перевод

1 make bloodless

Макаров: обескровливать

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > make bloodless
2 make bloodless

обескровливать

Англо-русский медицинский словарь > make bloodless
3 exhaurio

ex-haurĭo, hausi, haustum, 4, v. a. ( fut. part. act. exhausurus, Sen. Ep. 51, 6), to draw out, to empty by drawing, to exhaust (class., esp. in the transf. and trop. senses).
I.
Lit., of liquids:
cum alii malos scandant, alii per foros cursent, alii sentinam exhauriant,
pump out, Cic. de Sen. 6, 17; cf. id. Cat. 1, 5, 12:
vinum,
i. e. to drink up, id. Phil. 2, 25, 63:
exhausto jam flumine,
Prop. 4 (5), 9, 63; cf.:
exhaustum poculum,
emptied, Cic. Clu. 11, 31:
exhaustus repente perennis exaruit fons,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 43, 5; cf.:
tacent exhausti solibus amnes,
Stat. Th. 3, 259.—
B.
Transf., of things not liquid, to take out, empty out, to make empty, to exhaust:
terram manibus sagulisque,
Caes. B. G. 5, 42, 3:
humum ligonibus,
Hor. Epod. 5, 31:
pecuniam ex aerario,
Cic. Agr. 2, 36, 98; cf.
aerarium,
i. e. to empty, exhaust, id. Vat. 2, 5; id. Verr. 2, 3, 70, § 164:
praedam ex agris urbibusque sociorum,
id. Pis. 21, 48; cf.:
oppidum diripiendum militi dedit: exhaustis deinde tectis ignem injecit,
completely pillaged, Liv. 10, 44, 2 Drak.:
reliquum spiritum,
Cic. Sest. 37, 80; cf. id. ib. 21, 48 infra, and Halm ad loc.:
exhauriri,
drained of money impoverished, id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 2 fin.:
provinciam sumptibus et jacturis,
id. Att. 6, 1, 2:
plebem impensis (aedificandi),
Liv. 6, 5, 5:
socios commeatibus,
id. 37, 19, 4:
heredem legatis,
Plin. Ep. 5, 1, 9:
facultates patriae,
Nep. Hann. 6; cf.
vires,
Plin. Ep. 3, 19, 6:
genas,
i. e. to make bloodless, pale, Stat. Th. 10, 168:
velut exhausta pullulet arca nummus,
Juv. 6, 363.
II.
Trop. (according as the notion of taking away or of leaving empty predominates).
A.
To take away, remove:
libentius omnes meas laudes ad te transfuderim, quam aliquam partem exhauserim ex tuis,
Cic. Fam. 9, 14, 4:
alicui dolorem,
id. ib. 5, 16, 4:
sibi manu vitam,
id. Sest. 21, 48; cf. id. ib. 37, 80:
exhausta vis ingens aeris alieni est,
cleared off, Liv. 7, 21, 8:
Scurra exhausto rubore (i. e. pudore),
Auct. Her. 4, 10, 14:
ad multorum exhaurienda peccata,
Vulg. Hebr. 9, 28.—
B.
To exhaust, bring to an end:
tantus fuit amor, ut exhauriri nulla posset injuria,
be exhausted, Cic. Att. 2, 21, 4; cf.:
amicorum benignitas exhausta est in ea re,
id. ib. 4, 2, 7: unius ambulationis sermone exhaurire (quae sollicitant anguntque), to exhaust in speaking, i. e. to discuss thoroughly, id. ib. 1, 18, 1; cf. id. de Or. 3, 26, 102:
exhaustus est sermo hominum,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 1:
deinde exhauriri mea mandata,
to be accomplished, fulfilled, id. Att. 5, 13, 3; cf.:
mandavi omnia, quae quidem tu, ut polliceris, exhauries,
id. ib. 5, 6, 2:
labores,
to endure, undergo, Liv. 21, 21, 8:
laborem, periculum,
id. 21, 30, 9 Drak.; 25, 31, 7; 26, 31, 7; Plin. Ep. 3, 9, 1; Stat. Th. 6. 236 al.:
bella,
Verg. A. 4, 14:
vastae pericula terrae,
id. ib. 10, 57; cf.:
dura et aspera belli,
Liv. 33, 11, 6:
poenarum exhaustum satis est,
executed, inflicted, Verg. A. 9, 356:
exhausta nocte,
spent, Tac. H. 4, 29:
exhaustus cliens,
worn out, Juv. 9, 59.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > exhaurio
4 обескровливать

1) General subject: deplete, dilute (теорию, программу)

2) Medicine: dehematize (в эксперименте на животном), exsanguinate (тж. перен.)

3) Military: bleed white

4) Makarov: bleed (животное, птицу), make bloodless, withdraw blood, dehematize, exsanguinate

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > обескровливать
5 обескровливать

to exsanguinate, to withdraw blood, to make bloodless; to dehematize

Большой русско-английский медицинский словарь > обескровливать
6 blood

noun

1) Blut, das

somebody's blood boils — (fig.) jemand ist in Rage

it makes my blood boil — es bringt mich in Rage

somebody's blood turns or runs cold — (fig.) jemandem erstarrt das Blut in den Adern

be after or out for somebody's blood — (fig.) es auf jemanden abgesehen haben

it's like getting blood out of or from a stone — das ist fast ein Ding der Unmöglichkeit

do something in cold blood — (fig.) etwas kaltblütig tun

2) (relationship) Blutsverwandtschaft, die

blood is thicker than water — (prov.) Blut ist dicker als Wasser

* * *

noun

1) (the red fluid pumped through the body by the heart: Blood poured from the wound in his side.) das Blut

2) (descent or ancestors: He is of royal blood.) die Abstammung

•

- academic.ru/7609/bloodless">bloodless
- bloody
- bloodcurdling
- blood donor
- blood group/type
- blood-poisoning
- blood pressure
- bloodshed
- bloodshot
- bloodstained
- bloodstream
- blood test
- bloodthirsty
- bloodthirstiness
- blood transfusion
- blood-vessel
- in cold blood
* * *

blood

[blʌd]

I. n no pl

1. ANAT Blut nt

getting information out of you is like trying to get \blood out of a stone dir muss man ja alles aus der Nase ziehen fam

to give [or donate] \blood Blut spenden

to spill [or shed] \blood Blut vergießen

2. ( fig: violence) Blut nt

\blood and guts [or AM usu gore] viel Gewalt

there was so much \blood and guts in the film der Film strotzte von gewalttätigen Szenen

3. ( fig: lineage) Blut nt; (ancestors) Vorfahren pl

one's own flesh and \blood sein eigen[es] Fleisch und Blut geh, seine eigenen Kinder

to have blue \blood blaublütig [o adelig] sein

she's got blue \blood in ihren Adern fließt blaues Blut geh

to be of the \blood [royal] von königlichem Geblüt sein geh

to be of the same \blood gleicher Abstammung sein, zur selben Familie gehören

4. ( fig: temperament) Temperament nt

young \blood junges Blut

5. BRIT ( dated: fashionable man) Stutzer m veraltet, Geck m veraltend

6.

▶ to be after [or out for] sb's \blood es jdm heimzahlen wollen

▶ bad \blood böses Blut

▶ in cold \blood kaltblütig

▶ to draw first \blood (fight) den ersten Hieb platzieren; (advantage) als Erster erfolgreich sein

we scored in the third minute so it was first \blood to us wir machten in der dritten Minute ein Tor, damit lagen wir erst einmal vorn

▶ fresh [or new] \blood frisches Blut

▶ to have \blood on one's hands Blut an den Händen [kleben] haben

▶ sth is in one's \blood etw liegt jdm im Blut

▶ \blood, sweat and tears Blut, Schweiß und Tränen

▶ sth makes sb's \blood boil etw macht jdn rasend [o bringt jdn auf die Palme] fam

▶ to make sb's \blood run cold jdm das Blut in den Adern gefrieren lassen

▶ to taste \blood Blut lecken

▶ \blood is thicker than water ( prov) Blut ist dicker als Wasser prov

▶ \blood and thunder Mord und Totschlag

this newspaper is all \blood and thunder diese Zeitung ist das reinste Revolverblatt

▶ sb's \blood is up [or AM boiling] jd ist wütend [o fam auf hundertachtzig

II. vt

1. HUNT

to \blood a hound einen Jagdhund an Blut gewöhnen

to \blood a novice BRIT einen [Jagd]neuling mit Blut taufen

2. ( fig: initiate)

▪ to \blood sb jdn [neu] einführen

the club had to \blood two young players der Klub musste zwei unerfahrene Spieler auf den Platz schicken

* * *
[blʌd]
1. n

1) Blut nt

to give blood — Blut spenden

to spill or shed blood (in conflict, war) — Blut vergießen

it makes my blood boil — das macht mich rasend

his blood is up — er ist wütend

she's out for or after his blood — sie will ihm an den Kragen (inf)

his blood ran cold — es lief ihm eiskalt über den Rücken

this firm needs new blood — diese Firma braucht frisches Blut

it is like trying to get blood from a stone (prov) — das ist verlorene Liebesmüh

blood, sweat and tears — Blut, Schweiß und Tränen

he has ( their) blood on his hands — an seinen Händen klebt (ihr) Blut

See:

→ bad blood

2) (fig: lineage) Blut nt, Geblüt nt (geh), Abstammung f

a prince of the blood — ein Prinz von edlem Geblüt (geh)

it's in his blood — das liegt ihm im Blut

blood is thicker than water (prov) — Blut ist dicker als Wasser (prov)

3) (old: dandy) Geck m (old), Stutzer m (dated)

2. attr
(= purebred) reinrassig
3. vt
hounds an Blut gewöhnen
* * *

blood [blʌd]

A s

1. Blut n:

blood, sweat, and tears Blut, Schweiß und Tränen;

blood and thunder Mord und Totschlag (in der Literatur etc);

be after ( oder out for) sb’s blood es auf jemanden abgesehen haben;

his blood froze ( oder ran cold) das Blut erstarrte ihm in den Adern;

the sight made his blood freeze bei dem Anblick erstarrte ihm das Blut in den Adern;

you can’t get blood from ( oder out of) a stone (Sprichwort) wo nichts ist, ist auch nichts zu holen;

it was like trying to get blood out of a stone es war vergebliche Liebesmüh;

give one’s blood sein Blut oder Leben lassen ( for für);

have English blood in one’s veins englisches Blut in den Adern haben;

he has blood on his hands an seinen Händen klebt Blut;

inject fresh ( oder new) blood into frisches Blut zuführen (dat);

take sb’s blood MED jemandem eine Blutprobe entnehmen;

taste blood Blut lecken; → sweat B 1

2. fig Blut n, Temperament n:

it made his blood boil es brachte ihn in Rage;

his blood was up, he had his blood up sein Blut war in Wallung;

cause ( oder create, make) bad blood böses Blut machen oder schaffen ( between zwischen dat); → cold blood

3. (edles) Blut, Geblüt n, Abstammung f:

prince of the blood (royal) Prinz m von königlichem Geblüt;

a gentleman of blood ein Gentleman aus adligem Haus; → blue blood

4. Blutsverwandtschaft f, Familie f, Geschlecht n:

related by blood blutsverwandt (to mit);

blood is thicker than water (Sprichwort) Blut ist dicker als Wasser;

be ( oder run) in sb’s blood jemandem im Blut liegen

5. ZOOL Vollblut n (besonders Pferd)

6. ( besonders roter) Saft:

blood of grapes Traubensaft

7. Blutvergießen n, Mord m:

his blood be on us BIBEL sein Blut komme über uns

8. obs Leben n, Lebenskraft f

9. besonders Br obs Lebemann m, Dandy m

B v/t

1. JAGD einen Hund an Blut gewöhnen

2. be blooded MIL Br die Feuertaufe erhalten (a. fig)

* * *

noun

1) Blut, das

somebody's blood boils — (fig.) jemand ist in Rage

it makes my blood boil — es bringt mich in Rage

somebody's blood turns or runs cold — (fig.) jemandem erstarrt das Blut in den Adern

be after or out for somebody's blood — (fig.) es auf jemanden abgesehen haben

it's like getting blood out of or from a stone — das ist fast ein Ding der Unmöglichkeit

do something in cold blood — (fig.) etwas kaltblütig tun

2) (relationship) Blutsverwandtschaft, die

blood is thicker than water — (prov.) Blut ist dicker als Wasser

* * *

n.

Blut nur sing. n.

English-german dictionary > blood
7 blood

noun

1) (the red fluid pumped through the body by the heart: Blood poured from the wound in his side.) sangre

2) (descent or ancestors: He is of royal blood.) sangre

•

- bloodless
- bloody
- bloodcurdling
- blood donor
- blood group/type
- blood-poisoning
- blood pressure
- bloodshed
- bloodshot
- bloodstained
- bloodstream
- blood test
- bloodthirsty
- bloodthirstiness
- blood transfusion
- blood-vessel
- in cold blood

blood n sangre

blood

tr[blʌd]

noun

1 sangre nombre femenino

2 (ancestry) parentesco, alcurnia

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

in cold blood a sangre fría

to make somebody's blood boil hacerle hervir la sangre a alguien

to have blood on one's hands figurative use tener las manos manchadas de sangre

to shed blood derramar sangre

my blood ran cold se me heló la sangre

it runs in his blood lo lleva en la sangre

blood is thicker than water la sangre tira

bad blood mala sangre nombre femenino

blood bank banco de sangre nombre femenino

blood brother hermano de sangre

blood cell glóbulo

blood clot coágulo

blood donor donante nombre masulino o femenino de sangre

blood group grupo sanguíneo

blood money dinero pagado a un asesino a sueldo

blood orange sanguina

blood plasma plasma sanguíneo

blood pressure tensión nombre femenino arterial

blood relative pariente nombre masulino o femenino consanguíneo,-a

blood sausage morcilla

blood serum suero de sangre

blood sugar SMALLMEDICINE/SMALL glucemia

blood test analísis nombre masculino de sangre

blood transfusion transfusión nombre femenino de sangre

blood vessel vaso sanguíneo

high blood pressure tensión nombre femenino alta

low blood pressure tensión nombre femenino baja

one's own flesh and blood gente nombre femenino de su propia sangre

blood ['blʌd] n

1) : sangre f

2) lifeblood: vida f, alma f

3) lineage: linaje m, sangre f

blood (Geneology)

n.

• linaje s.m.

• parentesco s.m.

adj.

• sangre adj.

n.

• sangre s.m.

blood*

n.

• ira* s.f.

• jugo* s.m.

blʌd
mass noun

1) sangre f

music is in his blood — lleva la música en la sangre

bad blood — resentimiento m, animosidad f

blood and guts — (colloq) violencia f

fresh o new o young blood — sangre or savia f nueva

in cold blood — a sangre fría

to be out for blood — estar* buscando con quién desquitarse

they're out for o after her blood — se la tienen jurada (fam)

to draw blood — (lit: wound) sacar* or hacer* salir sangre

to get blood out of o from a stone — sacar* agua de las piedras

trying to get information from him is like trying to get blood out of a stone — a él hay que sacarle la información con sacacorchos or con tirabuzón

you can't get blood out of a stone — no se le puede pedir peras al olmo

to have somebody's blood on one's hands — tener* las manos manchadas con la sangre de alguien

to make somebody's blood boil: it makes my blood boil to think that... me hierve la sangre cuando pienso que...; to make somebody's blood run cold: his laugh made my blood run cold su risa hizo que se me helara la sangre (en las venas); to sweat blood (colloq) ( work hard) sudar sangre or tinta (fam); ( be anxious) sudar la gota gorda (fam); (before n) blood cell o corpuscle glóbulo m; blood donor donante mf de sangre; blood group o type grupo m sanguíneo; blood poisoning septicemia f; blood test análisis m de sangre; blood transfusion — transfusión f de sangre

2) (lineage, family) sangre f

of noble blood — de sangre noble

it runs in their blood — lo llevan en la sangre

blood is thicker than water — la familia siempre tira, la sangre tira; (before n)

we're not blood relations — no tenemos lazos de sangre

[blʌd]
1. N

1) (lit) sangre f

• to be after sb's blood — tenérsela jurada a algn *

• it makes my blood boil — me saca de quicio *, hace que me hierva la sangre

it makes my blood boil to think how... — me hierve la sangre solo de pensar que...

• in cold blood — a sangre fría

• to donate or give blood — donar or dar sangre

• to draw blood — (=wound) hacer sangre; (Med) sacar sangre

to draw first blood — (fig) abrir el marcador, anotarse el primer tanto

• a blood and guts film — una película sangrienta or violenta

• acting was in his blood — llevaba la profesión de actor en la sangre

• to sweat blood — (=work hard) sudar tinta or sangre *; (=worry) sudar la gota gorda *

• blood and thunder — (=melodrama) melodrama m

- have sb's blood on one's hands

to make one's blood run cold —

the look in his eyes made her blood run cold — su mirada hizo que se le helara la sangre (en las venas)

- get blood out of a stone

getting her to talk is like trying to get blood out of a stone — hacer que hable es como sacar agua de las piedras
bay III, 1., flesh
2) (=family, ancestry) sangre f

• of noble/ royal blood — de sangre noble/real

- blood is thicker than water
blue 4.
3) (fig)

a) (=people)

• fresh or new or young blood — savia f nueva

b) (=feeling)

• bad blood — hostilidad f

there had always been bad blood between him and his in-laws — siempre había existido hostilidad entre él y la familia de su mujer

2.

CPD

blood alcohol N, blood alcohol content N — alcoholemia f

blood alcohol level N — nivel m de alcoholemia

blood bank N — banco m de sangre

blood blister N — ampolla f de sangre

blood brother N — hermano m de sangre

blood cell N — glóbulo m

blood clot N — coágulo m de sangre

blood corpuscle N — glóbulo m sanguíneo

blood count N — hemograma m, recuento m sanguíneo or globular

blood disorder N — enfermedad f de la sangre

blood donor N — donante mf de sangre

blood feud N — enemistad f mortal (entre clanes, familias)

blood flow N — flujo f sanguíneo

• blood flow to the feet — el flujo sanguíneo a los pies

blood group N — grupo m sanguíneo

blood heat N — temperatura f del cuerpo

blood loss N — pérdida f de sangre

blood money N — dinero m manchado de sangre (en pago por asesinato) ; (as compensation) indemnización que se paga a la familia de alguien que ha sido asesinado

blood orange N — naranja f sanguina

blood plasma N — plasma m sanguíneo

blood poisoning N — septicemia f, envenenamiento m de la sangre

blood pressure N — tensión f or presión f arterial, presión f sanguínea

• to have high/ low blood pressure — tener la tensión alta/baja, tener hipertensión/hipotensión

• to take sb's blood pressure — tomar la tensión a algn

blood product N — producto m sanguíneo

blood pudding N — morcilla f

blood relation, blood relative N —

she is no blood relation to him — ella y él no son de la misma sangre, ella y él no son (parientes) cosanguíneos frm

blood relationship N — consanguinidad f, lazo m de parentesco

blood sample N — muestra f de sangre

• to take a blood sample — obtener una muestra de sangre

• to give a blood sample — dar una muestra de sangre

blood sausage N (US) — = blood pudding

blood sport N — deporte en el que se matan animales

blood sugar (level) N — nivel m de azúcar en la sangre

blood supply N — riego m sanguíneo

blood test N — análisis m inv de sangre

blood transfusion N — transfusión f de sangre

blood type N — = blood group

blood vessel N — vaso m sanguíneo

* * *
[blʌd]
mass noun

1) sangre f

music is in his blood — lleva la música en la sangre

bad blood — resentimiento m, animosidad f

blood and guts — (colloq) violencia f

fresh o new o young blood — sangre or savia f nueva

in cold blood — a sangre fría

to be out for blood — estar* buscando con quién desquitarse

they're out for o after her blood — se la tienen jurada (fam)

to draw blood — (lit: wound) sacar* or hacer* salir sangre

to get blood out of o from a stone — sacar* agua de las piedras

trying to get information from him is like trying to get blood out of a stone — a él hay que sacarle la información con sacacorchos or con tirabuzón

you can't get blood out of a stone — no se le puede pedir peras al olmo

to have somebody's blood on one's hands — tener* las manos manchadas con la sangre de alguien

to make somebody's blood boil: it makes my blood boil to think that... me hierve la sangre cuando pienso que...; to make somebody's blood run cold: his laugh made my blood run cold su risa hizo que se me helara la sangre (en las venas); to sweat blood (colloq) ( work hard) sudar sangre or tinta (fam); ( be anxious) sudar la gota gorda (fam); (before n) blood cell o corpuscle glóbulo m; blood donor donante mf de sangre; blood group o type grupo m sanguíneo; blood poisoning septicemia f; blood test análisis m de sangre; blood transfusion — transfusión f de sangre

2) (lineage, family) sangre f

of noble blood — de sangre noble

it runs in their blood — lo llevan en la sangre

blood is thicker than water — la familia siempre tira, la sangre tira; (before n)

we're not blood relations — no tenemos lazos de sangre

English-spanish dictionary > blood
8 sangre

f.

blood.

me he hecho sangre en el dedo I've cut my finger

te está saliendo sangre you're bleeding

de sangre caliente (zoology) warm-blooded

de sangre fría (zoology) cold-blooded

ha corrido mucha sangre en este conflicto there has been a lot of bloodshed in this conflict

un baño de sangre a bloodbath

evitar un derramamiento de sangre to avoid bloodshed

pres.subj.

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: sangrar.

* * *

sangre

► nombre femenino

1 blood

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

a sangre fría figurado in cold blood

a sangre y fuego figurado by fire and sword

chupar la sangre a alguien figurado to bleed somebody dry

de sangre caliente / de sangre fría warm-blooded / cold-blooded

donar sangre to give blood

llevar algo en la sangre figurado to run in the family

■ no lo puede remediar, lo lleva en la sangre he can't help it, it runs in the family

■ su padre era músico, así que lo lleva en la sangre her father was a musician, so it's in her blood

no llegó la sangre al río figurado the worst didn't happen

no tener sangre en las venas figurado to be a cold fish, be unemotional

subírsele a uno la sangre a la cabeza figurado to see red

sudar sangre figurado to sweat blood

tener mala sangre figurado to be evil

sangre fría figurado sang froid

* * *

noun f.

blood

* * *

SF

1) (Bio) blood

tiene sangre de tipo O negativo — he's blood type O negative, his blood type is O negative

las enfermedades de la sangre — blood diseases

la tela es de color rojo sangre — the fabric is a blood-red colour

• chupar la sangre a algn — (lit) to suck sb's blood; (fig) (=explotar) to bleed sb dry; Méx (=hacer pasar mal rato) to give sb a hard time, make sb's life a misery

• dar sangre — to give blood

• donar sangre — to donate blood

• echar sangre — to bleed

estuvo echando sangre por la nariz — [de forma natural] he had a nosebleed; [a consecuencia de un golpe] his nose was bleeding, he was bleeding from the nose

• hacer sangre a algn — to make sb bleed

me pegó y me hizo sangre — he hit me and I started bleeding o to bleed, he hit me and made me bleed

• hacerse sangre, ¿te has hecho sangre? — are you bleeding?

me hice sangre en la rodilla — my knee started bleeding o to bleed

• salirle sangre a algn, me está saliendo sangre de la herida — my cut is bleeding

sangre caliente, a sangre caliente — in the heat of the moment

por sus venas corre sangre caliente — he is very hot-blooded

de sangre caliente — [animal] warm-blooded antes de s ; [persona] hot-blooded antes de s

sangre fría — coolness, sang-froid frm

era el que tenía más sangre fría a la hora de tomar decisiones — he was the coolest when it came to taking decisions

la sangre fría del asesino — the murderer's cold-blooded nature

lo asesinaron a sangre fría — they killed him in cold blood

de sangre fría — [animal] cold-blooded antes de s ; [persona] cool-headed antes de s

mantener la sangre fría — to keep calm, keep one's cool

sangre nueva — new blood

los inmigrantes inyectaron sangre nueva en el país — the immigrants injected new blood into the country
banco 3), baño 2), delito 1)
2)

arderle la sangre a algn —

me arde la sangre cada vez que me habla — each time he speaks to me it makes my blood boil

- beber la sangre a algn

bullirle la sangre a algn —

me bulle la sangre ante tanto sufrimiento — seeing such suffering makes my blood boil

son jóvenes y les bulle la sangre en las venas — they are young and bursting with energy

- hacer correr la sangre

no les importa hacer correr la sangre de sus compatriotas — they are unconcerned about shedding the blood of their fellow countrymen

- dar su sangre por algo

dieron su sangre por sus ideales — they gave their lives for their beliefs

- encender la sangre a algn

- a sangre y fuego

la revuelta fue aplastada a sangre y fuego — the revolt was crushed ruthlessly o by fire and sword liter

- hacerse mala sangre

me hago muy mala sangre cuando me faltan al respeto — I get really annoyed when people are disrespectful to me

- helar la sangre a algn

sus gritos le helaban la sangre a cualquiera — her cries would make anyone's blood run cold

hervirle la sangre a algn —

me hierve la sangre cuando nos tratan así — it really makes me mad o it makes my blood boil when they treat us like this

- tener la sangre de horchata o

- ser de sangre ligera

- llegar a la sangre

- andar con sangre en el ojo

- es de sangre pesada

- quemar la sangre a algn

me quema la sangre verlo sufrir — it makes my blood boil to see him suffer

no llegar la sangre al río —

discutimos un poco pero no llegó la sangre al río — we argued a bit but it didn't come o amount to much

- sudar sangre

- costar sangre, sudor y lágrimas

- no tener sangre en las venas

3) (=linaje) blood

lleva sangre española en las venas — he has Spanish blood (in him)

somos hermanos de sangre — we're blood brothers

tenemos la misma sangre — we are blood relations

- llevar algo en la sangre

lleva la política en la sangre — he's got politics in his blood

- la sangre tira mucho

sangre azul — blue blood

ser de sangre azul — to belong to the aristocracy
puro
* * *

femenino

1) (Biol) blood

una transfusión de sangre — a blood transfusion

no me salió sangre — it didn't bleed

la sangre le salía a borbotones — (the) blood was pouring o gushing from him

te sale sangre de or por la nariz — your nose is bleeding

los ojos inyectados en sangre — bloodshot eyes

no hubo derramamiento de sangre — there was no bloodshed

corrió mucha sangre — there was a lot of bloodshed

animales de sangre fría/caliente — cold-blooded/warm-blooded animals

a sangre y fuego — with great violence

chuparle la sangre a alguien — (fam) ( explotarlo) to bleed somebody white o dry; ( hacerle pasar malos ratos) (Méx) to cause somebody a lot of heartache

dar or derramar sangre por algo/alguien — to give one's life for something/somebody

hervirele a sangre a alguien: me hierve/hirvió la sangre it makes/made my blood boil; lavar algo con sangre to avenge something with blood; no llegar la sangre al río: se gritaron mucho, pero no llegó la sangre al río there was a lot of shouting, but it didn't go beyond that; no tener sangre en las venas to be a cold fish (colloq); sangre, sudor y lágrimas blood, sweat and tears; se me/le fue la sangre a los pies (Méx) my/his blood ran cold; se me/le heló la sangre (en las venas) my/his blood ran cold; se me/le sube la sangre a la cabeza it makes me/him see red; sudar sangre to sweat blood; tener (la) sangre en el ojo (CS fam) to bear a grudge; tener la sangre ligera or (Méx) ser de sangre ligera or (Chi) ser liviano de sangre to be easygoing; tener la sangre pesada or (Méx) ser de sangre pesada or (Chi) ser pesado de sangre to be a nasty character o a nasty piece of work (colloq); tener sangre de horchata or (Méx) atole: Juan tiene la sangre de horchata, no se emociona por nada — Juan is such a cold fish, he never shows any emotion; malo I, puro I

- sangre fría

2) ( linaje) blood

era de sangre noble — he was of noble blood o birth

es de sangre mestiza — he is of mixed race

no desprecies a los de tu misma sangre — don't despise your own kind o your own family

no son de la misma sangre — they are not from the same family

la sangre tira — blood is thicker than water

llevar or (Méx) traer algo en la sangre — to have something in one's blood

lo lleva en la sangre — it's in his blood

•

- sangre azul

* * *

= blood.

Ex. The title of her famous article was 'Library benefit concerts: blood, sweat and cash'.

----

* ampolla de sangre = blood blister.

* análisis de sangre = blood test.

* a sangre fría = cold-blooded.

* azúcar en la sangre = blood-sugar.

* banco de sangre = blood bank.

* baño de sangre = bloodbath [blood bath].

* chupar la sangre = suck + wealth.

* coagulación de la sangre = blood clotting.

* dar sangre = donate + Posesivo + blood.

* derramamiento de sangre = bloodshed.

* de sangre fría = cold-blooded.

* donación de sangre = blood donation.

* donante de sangre = blood donor.

* donar sangre = donate + Posesivo + blood.

* envenenamiento de la sangre = blood poisoning.

* hermana de sangre = blood sister.

* hermano de sangre = blood brother.

* índice de alcohol en sangre = blood alcohol level.

* limpieza de la sangre = racial purity.

* mancha de sangre = blood stain.

* muestra de sange = blood sample.

* naranja de sangre = blood orange.

* nivel de azúcar en la sangre = level of blood sugar.

* nivel de colesterol en la sangre = blood cholesterol level.

* pérdida de sangre = bleed.

* pura sangre = thoroughbred.

* salir sangre = draw + blood.

* sangre espesa = thick blood.

* sangre fría = presence of mind.

* sangre muy diluida = thin blood.

* sangre nueva = new blood.

* sangre poco espesa = thin blood.

* sangre, sudor y lágrimas = blood, sweat and tears.

* sangre y agallas = blood-and-guts.

* sudar sangre = work + Posesivo + butt off, sweat + blood, slog + Posesivo + guts out.

* tasa de alcohol en sangre = blood alcohol level.

* transfusión de sangre = blood transfer, blood transfusion.

* vejiga de sangre = blood blister.

* vengador de la sangre = avenger of blood.

* vesícula de sangre = blood blister.

* * *

femenino

1) (Biol) blood

una transfusión de sangre — a blood transfusion

no me salió sangre — it didn't bleed

la sangre le salía a borbotones — (the) blood was pouring o gushing from him

te sale sangre de or por la nariz — your nose is bleeding

los ojos inyectados en sangre — bloodshot eyes

no hubo derramamiento de sangre — there was no bloodshed

corrió mucha sangre — there was a lot of bloodshed

animales de sangre fría/caliente — cold-blooded/warm-blooded animals

a sangre y fuego — with great violence

chuparle la sangre a alguien — (fam) ( explotarlo) to bleed somebody white o dry; ( hacerle pasar malos ratos) (Méx) to cause somebody a lot of heartache

dar or derramar sangre por algo/alguien — to give one's life for something/somebody

hervirele a sangre a alguien: me hierve/hirvió la sangre it makes/made my blood boil; lavar algo con sangre to avenge something with blood; no llegar la sangre al río: se gritaron mucho, pero no llegó la sangre al río there was a lot of shouting, but it didn't go beyond that; no tener sangre en las venas to be a cold fish (colloq); sangre, sudor y lágrimas blood, sweat and tears; se me/le fue la sangre a los pies (Méx) my/his blood ran cold; se me/le heló la sangre (en las venas) my/his blood ran cold; se me/le sube la sangre a la cabeza it makes me/him see red; sudar sangre to sweat blood; tener (la) sangre en el ojo (CS fam) to bear a grudge; tener la sangre ligera or (Méx) ser de sangre ligera or (Chi) ser liviano de sangre to be easygoing; tener la sangre pesada or (Méx) ser de sangre pesada or (Chi) ser pesado de sangre to be a nasty character o a nasty piece of work (colloq); tener sangre de horchata or (Méx) atole: Juan tiene la sangre de horchata, no se emociona por nada — Juan is such a cold fish, he never shows any emotion; malo I, puro I

- sangre fría

2) ( linaje) blood

era de sangre noble — he was of noble blood o birth

es de sangre mestiza — he is of mixed race

no desprecies a los de tu misma sangre — don't despise your own kind o your own family

no son de la misma sangre — they are not from the same family

la sangre tira — blood is thicker than water

llevar or (Méx) traer algo en la sangre — to have something in one's blood

lo lleva en la sangre — it's in his blood

•

- sangre azul

* * *

= blood.

Ex: The title of her famous article was 'Library benefit concerts: blood, sweat and cash'.

* ampolla de sangre = blood blister.

* análisis de sangre = blood test.

* a sangre fría = cold-blooded.

* azúcar en la sangre = blood-sugar.

* banco de sangre = blood bank.

* baño de sangre = bloodbath [blood bath].

* chupar la sangre = suck + wealth.

* coagulación de la sangre = blood clotting.

* dar sangre = donate + Posesivo + blood.

* derramamiento de sangre = bloodshed.

* de sangre fría = cold-blooded.

* donación de sangre = blood donation.

* donante de sangre = blood donor.

* donar sangre = donate + Posesivo + blood.

* envenenamiento de la sangre = blood poisoning.

* hermana de sangre = blood sister.

* hermano de sangre = blood brother.

* índice de alcohol en sangre = blood alcohol level.

* limpieza de la sangre = racial purity.

* mancha de sangre = blood stain.

* muestra de sange = blood sample.

* naranja de sangre = blood orange.

* nivel de azúcar en la sangre = level of blood sugar.

* nivel de colesterol en la sangre = blood cholesterol level.

* pérdida de sangre = bleed.

* pura sangre = thoroughbred.

* salir sangre = draw + blood.

* sangre espesa = thick blood.

* sangre fría = presence of mind.

* sangre muy diluida = thin blood.

* sangre nueva = new blood.

* sangre poco espesa = thin blood.

* sangre, sudor y lágrimas = blood, sweat and tears.

* sangre y agallas = blood-and-guts.

* sudar sangre = work + Posesivo + butt off, sweat + blood, slog + Posesivo + guts out.

* tasa de alcohol en sangre = blood alcohol level.

* transfusión de sangre = blood transfer, blood transfusion.

* vejiga de sangre = blood blister.

* vengador de la sangre = avenger of blood.

* vesícula de sangre = blood blister.

* * *

sangre

feminine

A ( Biol) blood

donar or dar sangre to give blood

una transfusión de sangre a blood transfusion

me corté pero no me salió sangreor no me hice sangre I cut myself but it didn't bleed

le pegó hasta hacerle sangre he hit her until she bled

la sangre le salía a borbotones he was pouring with blood, (the) blood was pouring o gushing from him

te sale sangre de or por la nariz your nose is bleeding

con los ojos inyectados en sangre with bloodshot eyes

la sangre de Cristo the blood of Christ

no hubo derramamiento de sangre there was no bloodshed

corrió mucha sangre there was a lot of bloodshed

animales de sangre fría/caliente cold-blooded/warm-blooded animals

andar con/tener (la) sangre en el ojo (CS fam); to bear a grudge

a sangre y fuego with great violence

chuparle la sangre a algn ( fam) (explotarlo) to bleed sb white o dry; (hacerle pasar malos ratos) ( Méx) to cause sb a lot of heartache

irse en sangre ( fam); to lose a lot of blood

lavar algo con sangre to avenge sth with blood

me hierve/hirvió la sangre it makes/made my blood boil

me/le bullía la sangre en las venas I/he was bursting with youthful vigor

no llegar la sangre al río: se gritaron mucho, pero no llegó la sangre al río there was a lot of shouting, but it didn't go beyond that

tener sangre en las venas to have get-up-and-go; to have initiative

no tener sangre en las venas to be unemotional

pedir sangre to call o ( liter) bay for blood

sangre, sudor y lágrimas blood, sweat and tears

le costó sangre, sudor y lágrimas, pero al final lo consiguió he sweated blood but he succeeded in the end o he succeeded in the end but only after much blood, sweat and tears

se me/le fue la sangre a los pies ( Méx); my/his blood ran cold

se me/le heló la sangre (en las venas) my/his blood ran cold

se me/le sube la sangre a la cabeza it gets my/his blood up o it makes me/him see red

sudar sangre to sweat blood

tener la sangre ligera or ( Méx) ser de sangre ligera or ( Chi) ser liviano de sangre to be easygoing

tener la sangre pesada or ( Méx) ser de sangre pesada or ( Chi) ser pesado de sangre to be a nasty character o a nasty piece of work ( colloq)

tener (la) sangre de horchata or ( Méx) atole to be cool o coolheaded

malo¹ (↑ malo (1)), puro¹ (↑ puro (1))

Compuestos:

● sangre fría

calmness, sangfroid

con una sangre fría asombrosa with amazing sangfroid

a sangre fría: lo mataron a sangre fría they killed him in cold blood

ha sido una venganza a sangre fría it was cold-blooded revenge

● sangre nueva

new blood

B (linaje) blood

era de sangre noble he was of noble blood o birth

tiene sangre de reyes she has royal blood

es de sangre mestiza he is of mixed race

no desprecies a los de tu misma sangre don't despise your own kind o your own

no son de la misma sangre they are not from the same family

la sangre tira blood is thicker than water

tiene or lleva sangre torera en las venas bullfighting is in his blood

llevar or ( Méx) traer algo en la sangre to have sth in one's blood

lo lleva en la sangre it's in his blood

Compuesto:

sangre azul

blue blood

gente de sangre azul the aristocracy

* * *

Del verbo sangrar: ( conjugate sangrar)

sangré es:

1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

sangre es:

1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

Multiple Entries:
sangrar
sangre
sangrar ( conjugate sangrar) verbo intransitivo [persona/herida/nariz] to bleed
sangre sustantivo femenino
1 (Biol) blood;
◊ una transfusión de sangre a blood transfusion;

no me salió sangre it didn't bleed;
te sale sangre de or por la nariz your nose is bleeding;
los ojos inyectados en sangre bloodshot eyes;
animales de sangre fría/caliente cold-blooded/warm-blooded animals;
sangre fría calmness and courage;
a sangre fría ‹ matar› in cold blood;
See Also→ malo 2
2 ( linaje) blood;
◊ era de sangre noble he was of noble blood o birth;

es de sangre mestiza he is of mixed race;
no son de la misma sangre they are not from the same family;
sangre azul blue blood
sangrar
I verbo transitivo
1 Med (sacar sangre) to bleed
2 (un párrafo) to indent
3 fam (aprovecharse, abusar) to bleed dry
II verbo intransitivo
1 (salir sangre) to bleed
2 (daño, perjuicio moral) todavía me sangra la humillación que sufrí hace un año, the humiliation still rankles me after a year
sangre sustantivo femenino
1 blood
derramamiento de sangre, bloodshed
2 (familia) blood: son de la misma sangre, they are related o from the same family
♦ Locuciones: chupar la sangre a alguien, figurado to bleed sb dry o white
hervirle la sangre a alguien en las venas, to make sb's blood boil
no llegar la sangre al río, not to go beyond that: han reñido, pero no llegó la sangre al río, they've fallen out, but it didn't go beyond that
no tener sangre en las venas o tener la sangre de horchata, to be very unemotional
tener mala sangre, to be malicious
sangre azul, blue blood
sangre fría, sangfroid, calmness
a sangre fría, in cold blood
a sangre y fuego, at all costs, mercilessly
' sangre' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
azul
- banco
- baño
- bombear
- borbotón
- circular
- coagularse
- delito
- derramamiento
- donar
- donante
- espanto
- grupo
- imponer
- invencible
- limpiar
- llegar
- negativa
- negativo
- salir
- sangrar
- análisis
- aprensión
- azúcar
- bañado
- chorrear
- chupar
- correr
- dar
- depurar
- derramar
- escupir
- hilo
- inyectado
- malo
- manchado
- mestizo
- muestra
- orinar
- sacar
- suero
- transfusión
- verter
- vomitar
English:
blanch
- bleed
- bleeding
- blood
- blood bank
- blood test
- bloodbath
- bloodshed
- bloodshot
- bloody
- blue blood
- circulate
- circulation
- clot
- cold
- cold-blooded
- congeal
- coolness
- curdle
- faint
- flesh
- give
- gore
- orgy
- part
- pedigree
- pour
- presence
- pureblood
- purebred
- run
- rush
- sample
- sangfroid
- shed
- sight
- stem
- streak
- stream
- suck
- test
- thoroughbred
- trace
- transfusion
- warm-blooded
- bank
- bloodless
- blue
- cool
- draw

* * *

sangre nf

1. [fluido] blood;

una camisa manchada de sangre a bloodstained shirt;

te está saliendo sangre you're bleeding;

la sangre de Cristo [en Misa] the blood of Christ;

animales de sangre caliente/fría warm-blooded/cold-blooded animals;

ha corrido mucha sangre en este conflicto there has been a lot of bloodshed in this conflict;

dar o [m5] donar sangre to give blood;

echar sangre [sangrar] to bleed;

echaba sangre o [m5]le salía sangre por la boca/la nariz her mouth/nose was bleeding;

hacer sangre (a alguien) to draw (sb's) blood;

me he hecho sangre en el dedo I've cut my finger;

Comp

a sangre y fuego: arrasaron el pueblo a sangre y fuego they brutally razed the village to the ground;

Comp
Fam
chupar la sangre a alguien to bleed sb dry;

Comp

sangre, sudor y lágrimas: me costó sangre, sudor y lágrimas terminarlo I sweated blood to get it finished;

Comp

dar la sangre por algo/alguien [morir] to give one's life for sth/sb;

Comp

encender la sangre a alguien to make sb's blood boil;

Comp

hacerse mala sangre (por algo) to get worked up (about sth);

Comp

se me/le/ etc[m5] heló la sangre en las venas my/his/her/ etc blood ran cold;

Comp

hervir la sangre: me hierve la sangre cuando veo estas cosas it makes my blood boil when I see things like that;

Comp

no llegó la sangre al río it didn't get too nasty;

Comp

llevar o Am [m5] tener o Am [m5] traer algo en la sangre to have sth in one's blood;

Comp
RP
con la sangre en el ojo full of rancour;

Comp
Fam
quemar la sangre a alguien to make sb's blood boil;

Comp
Fam
se le subió la sangre a la cabeza he saw red;

Comp

sudar sangre to sweat blood;

Comp

tener la sangre caliente to be hot-blooded;

Comp

tener sangre de horchata [ser tranquilo] to be as cool as a cucumber;
[ser demasiado frío] to have a heart of stone;
Comp
Fam
tener mala sangre to be malicious;

Comp

no tiene sangre en las venas he's got no life in him;

Comp

la sangre tira (mucho) blood is thicker than water

Comp
sangre azul blue blood;
sangre fría sangfroid;

a sangre fría in cold blood

2. [linaje] blood;

gentes de sangre noble/real people with noble/royal blood;

ser de la misma sangre [familiares] to be from the same family

* * *

sangre

f blood;

echaba sangre por la nariz his nose was bleeding;

hacerse mala sangre get all worked up;

tener mala sangre be mean;

la sangre se le subió a la cabeza the blood rushed to his head;

lo lleva en la sangre it’s in his blood;

no tener sangre en las venas fig be a cold fish;

no llegará la sangre al río it won’t come to that, it won’t be that bad;

sudar sangre sweat blood;

a sangre y fuego ruthlessly

* * *

sangre nf

1) : blood

2)

a sangre fría : in cold blood

3)

a sangre y fuego : by violent force

4)

pura sangre : thoroughbred

* * *

sangre n blood

hacerse sangre to bleed

sangre fría cold blood

Spanish-English dictionary > sangre
9 golpe

m.

1 blow (impacto).

me di un golpe en la rodilla I banged my knee

tengo un golpe en el brazo I've banged my arm

el coche tiene un golpe en la puerta the car door has a dent in it

moler a alguien a golpes to beat somebody up

un golpe bajo (sport) a blow below the belt; a low blow (figurative)

golpe de castigo penalty (kick) (en rugby)

golpe franco free kick

2 blow (disgusto).

3 raid, job (holdup).

dar un golpe to do a job

4 witticism (ocurrencia).

5 shot.

6 ictus.

7 coup.

8 pocket, hill drop.

* * *

golpe

► nombre masculino

1 blow, knock (puñetazo) punch

■ le dio un golpe he hit him

2 (de coche) collision; (fuerte) bang; (ligero) bump

3 figurado (desgracia) blow, misfortune

■ su muerte fue un duro golpe para nosotros his death was a great blow to us

4 (gracia) witticism, sally

■ aunque parece serio tiene golpes muy buenos he may seem rather serious, but he's really good crack

5 familiar (robo) hold-up, robbery

6 (militar) coup

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

a golpes by force

al primer golpe de vista at first glance

de golpe / de golpe y porrazo suddenly, all of a sudden

de un golpe all at once, in one go

errar el golpe to miss

no dar golpe / no pegar ni golpe familiar not to lift a finger, not do a blessed thing

parar el golpe to soften the blow

golpe bajo figurado punch below the belt

golpe de efecto dramatic move

golpe de Estado coup, coup d'état

golpe de fortuna stroke of luck

golpe de gracia coup de grâce

golpe de mano surprise attack

golpe de vista quick glance

golpe franco (fútbol) free kick

golpe maestro masterstroke

golpe mortal death blow, fatal blow

* * *

noun m.

1) blow

2) knock

3) stroke

•

- de golpe
- golpe de estado
* * *

SM

1) (=impacto) hit, knock; (=choque) shock, clash; (=encuentro) bump; [con un remo] stroke; [del corazón] beat, throb

oímos un golpe a la puerta — we heard a knock at the door

en cuanto compras un coche nuevo tienes un golpe — as soon as you buy a new car it gets a knock

tras el golpe contra el muro tuvo que abandonar la carrera — after crashing into the wall he had to abandon the race

• dar un golpe, el coche de atrás nos dio un golpe — the car behind ran into us

dar golpes en la puerta — to hammer at the door

• darse un golpe, se dio un golpe en la cabeza — he got a bump on his head, he banged his head

se dio un golpe contra la pared — he hit the wall

darse golpes de pecho — to beat one's breast

• errar el golpe — to fail in an attempt

- no dar golpe

- a golpe dado no hay quite

2) [dado por una persona a otra] blow

le dio un golpe con un palo — he gave him a blow with his stick, he hit him with his stick

• a golpes, la emprendieron a golpes contra él — they began to beat him

le mataron a golpes — they beat him to death

les molieron a golpes — they beat them up

los sacaron de la cama a golpes — they were beaten from their beds

• descargar golpes sobre algn — to rain blows on sb

golpe aplastante — crushing blow, knockout blow

golpe bien dado — hit, well-aimed blow

golpe de gracia — coup de grâce

golpe mortal — death blow

3) (Med) (=cardenal) bruise

4) [en deportes] (Ftbl) kick; (Boxeo) [gen] blow; (=puñetazo) punch

con un total de 280 golpes — (Golf) with a total of 280 strokes

preparar el golpe — (Golf) to address the ball

golpe bajo — (Boxeo) low punch, punch below the belt

aquello fue un golpe bajo — that was below the belt

golpe de acercamiento — (Golf) approach shot

golpe de castigo — (Ftbl etc) penalty kick

golpe de martillo — (Tenis) smash

golpe de penalidad — (Golf) penalty stroke

golpe de salida — (Golf) drive, drive-off

golpe franco, golpe libre — (Ftbl) free kick

golpe libre indirecto — indirect free kick

5) (Téc) stroke

golpe de émbolo — piston stroke

6) (=desgracia) blow

mi ingreso en la cárcel fue un duro golpe para la familia — my imprisonment was a harsh blow to the family

ha sufrido un duro golpe — he has had a hard knock, he has suffered a severe blow

la policía ha asestado un duro golpe al narcotráfico — the police have dealt a serious blow to drug traffickers

acusar el golpe — to suffer the consequences

7) (=sorpresa) surprise

• dar el golpe con algo — to cause a sensation with sth

8) * (=atraco) job *, heist (EEUU)

dieron un golpe en un banco — they did a bank job *

preparaba su primer golpe — he was planning his first job *

9) (=salida) witticism, sally

¡qué golpe! — how very clever!, good one!

el libro tiene unos golpes buenísimos — the book's got some great lines in it

10) (Pol) coup

golpe blanco — bloodless coup

golpe de estado — coup d'état

golpe de mano — rising, sudden attack

golpe de palacio — palace coup

11) [otras expresiones]

• a golpe de, abrir paso a golpe de machete — to hack out a path with a machete

lo consiguieron a golpe de talonario — they got it through chequebook power

• al golpe — Caribe instantly

• de golpe, la puerta se abrió de golpe — the door flew open

cerrar una puerta de golpe — to slam a door (shut)

la puerta se cerró de golpe — the door slammed shut

de golpe decidió dejar el trabajo — he suddenly decided to give up work

• de un golpe — in one go

- ir a golpe de calcetín o de alpargata

- de golpe y porrazo

golpe de agua — heavy fall of rain

golpe de calor — heatstroke

golpe de efecto — coup de théâtre

golpe de fortuna — stroke of luck

golpe de gente — crowd of people

golpe de mar — heavy sea, surge

golpe de sol — sunstroke

golpe de suerte — stroke of luck

golpe de teatro — coup de théâtre

golpe de teléfono — telephone call

golpe de timón — change of direction

golpe de tos — fit of coughing

golpe de viento — gust of wind

golpe de vista, al primer golpe de vista — at first glance

golpe maestro — master stroke, stroke of genius

12) (Cos) (=adorno) pocket flap; Col (=vuelta) facing

13) Méx (=mazo) sledgehammer

14) Caribe * (=trago) swig *, slug * ( of liquor)

* * *

masculino

1) (choque, impacto) knock

se dio un golpe contra la pared — she knocked into the wall

me di un golpe en la cabeza — I hit my head

te vas a dar un golpe — you'll hurt yourself

cerró el libro de un golpe — she snapped o slammed the book shut

me dio un golpe en la espalda — he slapped me on the back

dio unos golpes en la mesa — he tapped on the table; ( más fuerte) he knocked on the table; ( aún más fuerte) he banged on the table

a golpe de — (Ven) around

de golpe — ( repentinamente) suddenly; ( quizás) (Col fam) maybe, perhaps

la puerta se abrió/cerró de golpe — the door flew open/slammed shut

de golpe y porrazo — (fam) ( de repente) suddenly

de un golpe — ( de una vez) all at once; ( de un trago) in one go o gulp

2)

a) ( al pegarle a alguien) blow

le dio or pegó un golpe en la cabeza — she hit him on the head

casi lo matan a golpes — they almost beat him to death

siempre andan a golpes — they're always fighting

b) ( marca) bruise, mark

3) (Dep) ( en golf) stroke; ( en tenis) shot

4) (desgracia, contratiempo) blow

5) (fam) (atraco, timo) job (colloq)

dar el golpe — to do the job

6) (fam) (ocurrencia, salida) funny o witty remark

dar el golpe con algo — (fam)

con esa indumentaria seguro que das el golpe — you'll be a sensation o a knockout in that outfit

•

- golpe bajo

- golpe de efecto

- golpe de estado

- golpe de gracia

- golpe de suerte

- golpe de vista

- golpe franco

- golpe maestro

* * *

masculino

1) (choque, impacto) knock

se dio un golpe contra la pared — she knocked into the wall

me di un golpe en la cabeza — I hit my head

te vas a dar un golpe — you'll hurt yourself

cerró el libro de un golpe — she snapped o slammed the book shut

me dio un golpe en la espalda — he slapped me on the back

dio unos golpes en la mesa — he tapped on the table; ( más fuerte) he knocked on the table; ( aún más fuerte) he banged on the table

a golpe de — (Ven) around

de golpe — ( repentinamente) suddenly; ( quizás) (Col fam) maybe, perhaps

la puerta se abrió/cerró de golpe — the door flew open/slammed shut

de golpe y porrazo — (fam) ( de repente) suddenly

de un golpe — ( de una vez) all at once; ( de un trago) in one go o gulp

2)

a) ( al pegarle a alguien) blow

le dio or pegó un golpe en la cabeza — she hit him on the head

casi lo matan a golpes — they almost beat him to death

siempre andan a golpes — they're always fighting

b) ( marca) bruise, mark

3) (Dep) ( en golf) stroke; ( en tenis) shot

4) (desgracia, contratiempo) blow

5) (fam) (atraco, timo) job (colloq)

dar el golpe — to do the job

6) (fam) (ocurrencia, salida) funny o witty remark

dar el golpe con algo — (fam)

con esa indumentaria seguro que das el golpe — you'll be a sensation o a knockout in that outfit

•

- golpe bajo

- golpe de efecto

- golpe de estado

- golpe de gracia

- golpe de suerte

- golpe de vista

- golpe franco

- golpe maestro

* * *

golpe¹

¹ = punch, coup, blow, rap, knocking, beat, knock, swipe, hit, bang.

Ex: When I saw what he was up to, I drew back for a punch and hit him so hard on the nose that he fell on his back and lay there for some time, so that his wife stood over him and cried out 'Mercy! You've done my husband in!'.

Ex: Nearly 1500 delegates from 67 countries attended the conference which was dominated by the 3 day coup designed to restore Communist party influence.

Ex: The Great War of 1914-18 was a heavy blow for the Bulletin, from which it never really recovered, and in the 1920s it gradually sank under its own weight, helped by a forced move from its previous quarters to make room for a trade fair.

Ex: There was also a spot from which, if you struck the floor with a hard rap of your heel, you could almost count the reverberations as the sound bounced from floor to ceiling to walls to floor.

Ex: It seems to me that the Dewey engine is still ticking over, though there's an occasional knocking and it could no doubt do with a good tuning.

Ex: Immediately after the recognition of a cardiac cycle the program calculates mean values over a given time or a given number of beats.

Ex: After a few knocks, it was clear that no one was going to answer.

Ex: In fact it is an exaltation of the Kyoto protocol and a thinly disguised swipe at those countries who have not signed up.

Ex: Nothing is more unrealistic that seeing the hero take in an unlikely number of hits without turning a hair.

Ex: This is how the world ends, not with a bang, but with a whimper.

* aguantar un golpe = take + a hit.

* amortiguar el golpe = soften + the blow.

* aprender Algo a fuerza de golpes = learn + Nombre + the hard way.

* asestar el golpe de gracia = administer + the coup de grace, deliver + the coup de grace.

* asestar un golpe = give + a blow, bash, deal + a blow, strike + a blow.

* asestar un golpe mortal = deal + the death blow.

* atizar un golpe = deal + a blow.

* cerrar de golpe = slam.

* dar el golpe de gracia = administer + the coup de grace, deliver + the coup de grace.

* dar golpes = pound.

* darse golpes de pecho = beat + Posesivo + breast.

* darse golpes en el pecho = beat + Posesivo + breast.

* dar un golpe = knock.

* dar un golpe por detrás = rear-end.

* de golpe = in one lump, all at once, all at once.

* derribar a Alguien de un golpe = knock + Nombre + to the ground, knock + Nombre + to the floor.

* de un golpe = at one blow, at one whack, at one pull, in one shot, in one lump, in one action, in one go, in one fell swoop, at one fell swoop.

* duro golpe = cruel blow.

* eliminar de un golpe = eliminate + at a stroke.

* emprenderla(s) a golpes con = lam into, lay into.

* encajar el golpe = take it on + the chin.

* golpe de estado = coup d'etat, putsch.

* golpe de gracia = coup de grace, kiss of death, killer blow, death blow.

* golpe de mala suerte = stroke of misfortune.

* golpe de suerte = stroke of luck.

* golpe fuerte = whack.

* golpe fulminante = crushing blow.

* golpe mortal = mortal blow, killer blow, death blow.

* golpe por detrás = rear end.

* golpe seco = flop.

* intento de golpe de estado = attempted coup, coup attempt.

* introducir a golpes = hammer into.

* quitar con un golpe = knock off.

* recibir un golpe = take + a hit.

* recobrarse de un golpe = lick + Posesivo + wounds.

* sacar a golpes = punch out.

* tentativa de golpe de estado = attempted coup, coup attempt.

* tirar a Alguien al suelo de un golpe = knock + Nombre + to the floor, knock + Nombre + to the ground.

* todo de (un) golpe = all at once.

* tumbar a Alguien al suelo de un golpe = knock + Nombre + to the floor, knock + Nombre + to the ground.

* vivir sin dar golpe = live off + the fat of the land.

golpe²

² = witticism, witty remark, quip.

Ex: It uses humor rather than witticisms, and self-deprecation rather than deprecation of the professional field.

Ex: Youll never be short on a witty remark with a database of almost 180000 jokes.

Ex: His genius is sometimes most evident in his quips.

* * *

golpe

masculine

A (choque, impacto) knock

se dio un golpe contra la pared she banged o knocked into the wall

me di un golpe en la cabeza I hit o banged my head

te vas a pegar un golpe you'll hurt yourself

¿ha recibido algún golpe en la cabeza? have you hit your head?, have you received a blow to the head? ( frml)

cerró el libro de un golpe she snapped o slammed the book shut

la ventana se cerró de un golpe the window slammed shut

me dio un golpe en la espalda he slapped me on the back

le di un golpecito en el hombro I tapped him on the shoulder

dale un golpe a ver si se arregla hit it o bang it o give it a bang, that might make it work

dio unos golpes en la mesa he tapped on the table; (más fuerte) he knocked on the table; (aún más fuerte) he banged on the table

nos dieron un golpe por detrás they ran into us from behind, they ran into the back of us

se oían los golpes del martillo one could hear the hammering

a golpe de ( Ven); around, about ( BrE)

dar el golpe ( Méx) (aspirar) to inhale

de golpe (repentinamente) suddenly;

(Col, Ven fam) (quizás) maybe, perhaps

no se lo puedes decir así, de golpe you can't just spring it on him o tell him suddenly like that

de golpe y porrazo ( fam) (de repente) suddenly

es una decisión que no puede tomarse de golpe y porrazo it's not a decision that can be made on the spot o just like that

de un golpe (de una vez) all at once

se lo bebió de un golpe he drank it down in one go o gulp

no dar or pegar (ni) golpe ( fam): ¡cómo va a aprobar, si no da ni golpe! how can he expect to pass, he never does a lick ( AmE) o ( BrE) stroke of work ( colloq)

no pega ni golpe en casa he doesn't do a thing o lift a finger around the house ( colloq)

a golpe de ratón ( Inf) at a mouse click, at the click of a mouse

toda la programación a golpe de ratón the whole program at a mouse click

B

1 (al pegarle a algn) blow

le dio or pegó un golpe en la cabeza she hit him on the head

empezaron a darle golpes they started hitting her

casi lo matan a golpes they almost beat him to death

parece que no entienden sino a (los) golpes hitting them seems to be the only way to make them understand

le asestó un golpe con el atizador he dealt o struck him a blow with the poker

me llevé un golpe en la cabeza I got a blow o I got hit on the head

el golpe lo agarró de sorpresa the blow took him by surprise

siempre andan a golpes they're always fighting

lo cogieron a golpes they beat him up

2 (marca) bruise, mark

C ( Dep) (en golf) stroke; (en tenis) shot

sigue en primer lugar con seis golpes bajo par she is still in first place at six (strokes) under par

D (desgracia, contratiempo) blow

fue un golpe durísimo it came as a terrible blow

esta vez sí que ha acusado el golpe he's really taken it hard o taken a bad knock this time

E ( fam) (robo, timo) job ( colloq)

¿cuándo vamos a dar el golpe? when are we going to do the job?

F ( fam) (ocurrencia, salida) funny o witty remark

¡tiene cada golpe! he comes out with o makes some really witty remarks, some of the things he comes out with are so funny o witty

la película tiene unos golpes muy buenos the movie has some really funny moments in it

dar el golpe ( fam): con esa indumentaria seguro que das el golpe you'll be a sensation o you'll look a knockout in that outfit

G ( Mús) (en Ven) folk dance/music similar to the joropo

Compuestos:

● golpe bajo

(en boxeo) punch below the belt

fue un golpe bajo mencionarlo delante de todos that was below the belt o a low trick mentioning it in front of everyone

● golpe de adrenalina

adrenaline rush

● golpe de calor

(insolación) sunstroke; (en la temperatura) corporal heatstroke

● golpe de castigo

penalty

● golpe de efecto

su dimisión no causó el golpe de efecto que esperaba his resignation did not create the dramatic effect he had hoped for

● golpe de estado

coup, coup d'état

● golpe de fortuna

stroke of luck

● golpe de gracia

coup de grâce

● golpe de mano

sudden attack

● golpe de mar

large wave

● golpe de sol

sunstroke

● golpe de suerte

stroke of luck

● golpe de tambor

( Ven) performance of Venezuelan Caribbean music

● golpe de timón

change of direction

● golpe de tos

coughing fit

● golpe de vista

glance, look

● golpe franco

(en fútbol) free kick; (en hockey) free hit

● golpe maestro

masterstroke

● golpe mortal

death blow, coup de grâce

● golpes de pecho

mpl:

darse golpes de pecho to beat one's breast, wear sackcloth and ashes

* * *

golpe sustantivo masculino
1 (choque, impacto) knock;
◊ me di un golpe en la cabeza I got a knock on the head, I hit o banged my head;

darse un golpe contra algo to bang o knock into sth;
dio unos golpes en la mesa he tapped on the table;

( más fuerte) he knocked on the table;
( aún más fuerte) he banged on the table;
◊ a golpe de (Ven) around;

de golpe (y porrazo) suddenly;
se abrió/cerró de golpe it flew open/slammed shut;
de un golpe ( de una vez) all at once;

( de un trago) in one go o gulp
2
a) ( al pegarle a algn) blow;

◊ lo derribó de un golpe he knocked him down with one blow;

casi lo matan a golpes they almost beat him to death;
siempre andan a golpes they're always fighting
b) ( marca) bruise, mark

3 (Dep) stroke
4
a) ( desgracia) blow

b)

◊ golpe de suerte stroke of luck

5 (fam) (atraco, timo) job (colloq);
◊ dar el golpe to do the job

6 (Pol) tb
◊ golpe de estado coup (d'état)

golpe sustantivo masculino
1 (que se da o que da alguien) blow
(en una fruta) bruise
(en una puerta) knock
golpe (de Estado), coup (d'état)
golpe de suerte, stroke of luck
2 Auto bump
3 (contratiempo, disgusto) blow: ha sido un duro golpe para ella, it's been a great blow to her
4 (ocurrencia) witticism: en la comedia de ayer había unos golpes buenísimos, yesterday's comedy had a lot of funny lines
5 (robo) robbery
dar un golpe, to rob
6 (ataque) fit: le dio un golpe de tos y no pudo seguir hablando, he had a sudden coughing fit and couldn't continue talking
♦ Locuciones: no dar ni golpe, not to lift a finger
al primer golpe de vista, at a glance
de golpe, all of a sudden
golpe de efecto, a dramatic effect: su dimisión en aquel momento fue un tremendo golpe de efecto, his resignation at that time had a great impact
golpe de mar, large wave: un golpe de mar le tiró por la borda, a large wave washed him overboard
golpe de pecho, breast-beating: había mucho golpe de pecho pero a mí no me engañaron, there was a lot of breast-beating, but they couldn't fool me
' golpe' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acusar
- amoratada
- amoratado
- amortiguar
- arrear
- atizar
- azote
- batatazo
- bocanada
- cacharrazo
- canto
- cardenal
- choque
- codazo
- contundente
- descargar
- desviar
- dolerse
- encajar
- encima
- enérgica
- enérgico
- errar
- esquivar
- galleta
- herida
- hostia
- leche
- menuda
- menudo
- mollera
- nada
- palo
- panzada
- pedrada
- pelotazo
- producir
- recibir
- resentirse
- resistir
- ruda
- rudo
- seca
- seco
- señalada
- señalado
- sorda
- sordo
- tacada
- testarada
English:
absorb
- accurate
- avert
- bang
- bash
- blow
- bowl over
- break
- bump
- butt
- come round
- come to
- coup
- crack
- crushing
- deal
- death blow
- deliver
- dodge
- drive
- elude
- fell
- fend off
- flick
- follow through
- forehand
- glancing
- hard
- heavy
- hit
- hit back
- jab
- knock
- lash
- low
- lucky
- lump
- mark
- miss
- on
- pow
- punch
- rap
- shot
- sidestep
- slam
- slam to
- smack
- snap
- soften

* * *

golpe

♦ nm

1. [impacto] blow;
[en puerta] knock; [entre coches] bump;
se oyó un golpe en el piso de arriba something went bump upstairs;

no le des tantos golpes a la fotocopiadora stop hitting o banging the photocopier like that;

me di un golpe en la rodilla I banged my knee;

la ventana estaba dando golpes the window was banging;

el golpe me lo dieron cuando estaba detenido en un semáforo they hit me o bumped into me when I was stopped at a traffic light;

el niño daba golpes en la pared the child was banging on the wall;

darse golpes de pecho to beat one's breast;

cerrar la puerta de golpe to slam the door;

devolver un golpe to strike back;

errar o [m5] fallar el golpe to miss the mark;

golpe seco thud;

Comp
Fam
dar el golpe to cause a sensation, to be a hit;

con ese vestido seguro que das el golpe en la fiesta in that dress, you're bound to be a hit at the party;

Comp
Fam
no dio o [m5] pegó golpe he didn't lift a finger, he didn't do a stroke of work;

Comp

de golpe suddenly;

Comp
Fam
de golpe y porrazo without warning, just like that;

Comp

de un golpe at one fell swoop, all at once

Comp
golpe de efecto:
hacer algo para dar un golpe de efecto to do sth for effect;

golpe de fortuna stroke of luck;

golpe de gracia coup de grâce;

golpe maestro masterstroke;

golpe de mar huge wave;

golpe de suerte stroke of luck;
Fig golpe de timón change of course;
golpe de tos coughing fit;

golpe de viento gust of wind;

golpe de vista glance;

al primer golpe de vista at a glance

2. [bofetada] smack;
[puñetazo, en boxeo] punch;
a golpes by force;
Fig in fits and starts;
moler a alguien a golpes to beat sb up

Comp
golpe bajo blow below the belt;
fue un golpe bajo that was a bit below the belt

3. [de corazón] beat;

los golpes de su corazón her heartbeat

4. [efecto]
mira qué golpe tengo en el brazo look, I banged my arm;

el coche tiene un golpe en la puerta the car door has a dent in it

5. [en tenis, golf] shot;

dos golpes por encima/debajo two shots ahead/behind;

dos golpes bajo par two under par

Comp
golpe de castigo [en rugby] penalty;
golpe franco free kick;

golpe liftado [en tenis] topspin drive;

golpe de penalización [en golf] penalty stroke;

golpe de salida [en golf] tee shot, drive;

golpe de talón back heel

6. [disgusto] blow;

la muerte de su madre fue un golpe muy duro para ella her mother's death hit her very hard

7. [atraco] raid, job, US heist;

dar un golpe to do a job

8. Pol
golpe (de Estado) coup (d'état)

Comp
golpe de mano surprise attack;
golpe de palacio palace coup

9. [ocurrencia] witticism;

¡tienes unos golpes buenísimos! you really come out with some witty remarks!

10. [pestillo] spring lock

11. Méx [mazo] sledgehammer

♦ a golpe de loc prep
[a base de] through, by dint of;
aprenderá a golpe de fracasos he'll learn from his mistakes;

a golpe de talonario: no se puede crear un equipo a golpe de talonario you can't just build a team by throwing money at it;

salió de la cárcel a golpe de talonario he used his wealth to buy his way out of prison

♦ al golpe loc adv
Cuba instantly
* * *

golpe

m

1 knock, blow;

un duro golpe fig a heavy blow;

no da golpe fam she doesn’t do a thing, she doesn’t lift a finger

2

:

de golpe suddenly;

de golpe y porrazo suddenly

* * *

golpe nm

1) : blow

caerle a golpes a alguien: to give someone a beating

2) : knock

3)

de golpe : suddenly

4)

de un golpe : all at once, in one fell swoop

5)

golpe de estado : coup, coup d'etat

6)

golpe de suerte : stroke of luck

* * *

golpe n

1. (choque) blow

Aunque la traducción literal de golpe es blow, el inglés prefiere emplear un verbo

se dio un golpe en la frente he bumped his forehead

me di un golpe en la rodilla con la mesa I banged my knee on the table

2. (ruido) knock / bang

dio un golpe fuerte en la puerta she banged on the door

la puerta se cerró con un fuerte golpe the door slammed shut

3. (desgracia) blow

ha sido un golpe duro it was a terrible blow

dar golpes to bang

de golpe (y porrazo) suddenly

de un golpe all at once / in one go

no dar golpe not to do a thing / to be bone idle

golpe de estado coup

golpe de suerte stroke of luck

Spanish-English dictionary > golpe
10 blood

noun

1) (the red fluid pumped through the body by the heart: Blood poured from the wound in his side.) sangue

2) (descent or ancestors: He is of royal blood.) sangue

•

- bloodless
- bloody
- bloodcurdling
- blood donor
- blood group/type
- blood-poisoning
- blood pressure
- bloodshed
- bloodshot
- bloodstained
- bloodstream
- blood test
- bloodthirsty
- bloodthirstiness
- blood transfusion
- blood-vessel
- in cold blood
* * *

[bl∧d] n 1 sangue. 2 fig vida. 3 suco, seiva. 4 temperamento, natureza animal. 5 matança, derramamento de sangue. 6 consangüinidade, parentesco. 7 linhagem (real), estirpe, nobreza. 8 ira, sanha, raiva. 9 raça, nacionalidade. 10 homem valente e espirituoso. blood is thicker than water o sangue (parentesco) fala mais alto. full blood puro-sangue (cavalo). half-blood mestiço. in cold blood a sangue-frio. it runs in the blood está no sangue. my blood is up estou louco de raiva. new blood or young blood sangue novo ou idéias novas. next in blood de parentesco íntimo. of the royal blood de sangue real. the gift of language is in her blood o talento para línguas está no seu sangue. to be out for blood estar disposto a tudo, estar atrás de vingança. to get blood from a stone tirar leite de pedra. to let blood sangrar. to make bad blood exasperar os ânimos. to make one’s blood boil enfurecer. to make one’s blood run cold causar arrepios, fazer o sangue gelar nas veias.

English-Portuguese dictionary > blood
11 blood

noun

1) (the red fluid pumped through the body by the heart: Blood poured from the wound in his side.) kri

2) (descent or ancestors: He is of royal blood.) rod

•

- bloodless
- bloody
- bloodcurdling
- blood donor
- blood group/type
- blood-poisoning
- blood pressure
- bloodshed
- bloodshot
- bloodstained
- bloodstream
- blood test
- bloodthirsty
- bloodthirstiness
- blood transfusion
- blood-vessel
- in cold blood
* * *
I [blʌd]
noun

kri; figuratively prelivanje krvi, pokol, umor; sorodstvo, rasa, rod; izvor; pogum, strast; rastlinski sok; gizdalin

blood bank — krvna banka

blood donor — krvodajalec, -lka

blood bespotted — okrvavljen, krvav

blood bath — prelivanje krvi

cold blood — hladnokrvnost; premišljenost

in cold blood — hladnokrvno

bad ( —ali ill) blood — sovraštvo, prepir

blood count — krvna slika

full blood — čistokrven

hot blood — vročekrvnost

to make one's blood boil — razjeziti koga

to make one's blood creep — grozo v kom zbuditi

to dip one's hands in blood — oskruniti si roke s krvjo

one's own flesh and blood — člani iste družine

you cannot make blood out of a stone — kjer nič ni, še vojska ne vzame

blood and thunder literature — zanikrna literatura

it runs in the blood — to je v družini

to have s.o.'s blood on one's head — imeti koga na vesti

blood group — krvna skupina

half blood — po poli (brat)

blood shed — prelivanje krvi, pokol

blood transfusion — transfuzija krvi

fresh blood — novi člani

base blood — nezakonsko rojstvo

a man of blood — surovež

blood is thicker than water — kri ni voda

to have ( —ali get) one's blood up — razhuditi se

to draw blood — raniti

his blood is up — besen je

nautical slang Nelson's blood — rum

blood test — krvna analiza

blood royal — kraljevska kri

to breed ill blood — delati razprtije

to spill ( —ali shed) blood — prelivati kri

colloquially young blood — vročekrvnež

to let blood — kri puščati
II [blʌd]
transitive verb

kri jemati, kri puščati; okrvaviti, s krvjo umazati; (psa) dresirati; figuratively navaditi

English-Slovenian dictionary > blood
12 blood

[blad] n 1. gjak; infuse new blood (into sth) fig. fus gjak (element) të ri; let blood marr/ heq gjak (të sëmurit). 2. nerva, inat, gjak; his blood is up është nxehur, i ka hipur gjaku në kokë; his blood ran cold i ngriu gjaku (nga tmerri); (kill sb) in cold blood (vras dikë) me gjakftohtësi; make one's blood boll më tërbon; make one's blood run cold më ngrin gjakun, më tmerron. 3. gjiri, farefis, gjak; be of the same blood jemi të një gjaku; of royal blood nga familje mbretërore; one's own flesh and blood farefisi, blood is thicker than water gjaku s'bëhet ujë; blood feud [blad fju:d] gjakmarrje, gjakësi, gjak. 4. blood and thunder (histori) me vrasje e prerje. 5. race (qensh etj).

● blood bank [blad bænk] n 1. qendër grumbullimi gjaku. 2. rezerva gjaku

● bloodbath ['bladba:th] n. gjakderdhje, kasaphanë

● blood counting ['blad kaunting] n. mjek. analizë gjaku

● bloodcurdling ['blad'kë:dling] adj. i frikshëm, rrëqethës

● blood group [blad grup] n. mjek. grup gjaku

● blood heat ['bladhi:t] n. temperature e trupit

● bloodhound ['bladhaund] n 1. qen policie. 2. detektiv

● bloodless ['bladlis] adj 1. i pagjak, i zbetë. 2. pa gjakderdhje; paqësor. 3. i ftohtë, zemërgur

● bloodletting ['bladleting] n. mjek. heqje gjaku

● blood poisoning ['bladpoizning] n. helmim gjaku

● blood pressure ['bladpreshë:] n. tension gjaku

● bloodrelations ['bladrileishen] n. farefis, gjak..

● bloodshed ['bladshed] n. gjakderdhje

● bloodshot ['bladshot] adj. i përgjakur, i përskuqur (syri)

● bloodstain ['bladstein] n. njollë gjaku

● bloodstained ['basteind] adj. i përgjakur, i gjakosur

● bloodstock ['bladstok] n. kafshë race

● bloodstream [bladstri:m] n. anat. sistem i qarkullimit të gjakut; gjaku

● bloodsucker [bladsakë] n 1. shushunjë. 2. fig. gjakpirës, shfrytëzues

● blood test ['bladtest] n. analizë gjaku

● bloodthirsty ['badthë:ti] adj. i etur për gjak, gjakatar

● blood type ['bladtaip] n. grup gjaku

● blood vessel ['blad 'vesël] n. enë gjaku

● bloody ['bladi] adj 1. i përgjakur, i gjakosur; a bloody bandage fashë e gjakosur. 2. i përgjakshëm. 3. i mallkuar, i ndyrë

● you bloody fool! hajvan i dreqit!

* * *

gjak

English-Albanian dictionary > blood
13 sangue

m blood

a sangue freddo in cold blood

donare il sangue give blood

gastronomy al sangue rare

* * *

sangue s.m.

1 blood: sangue arterioso, venoso, arterial, venous blood; prelievo di sangue, blood sample; esame del sangue, blood test; avvelenamento del sangue, blood poisoning; donatore di sangue, blood donor; temperatura del sangue, blood heat; trasfusione di sangue, (blood) transfusion; macchiato di sangue, blood-stained; occhi iniettati di sangue, bloodshot eyes; perdere sangue dal naso, to bleed at (o from) the nose; animale a sangue caldo, a sangue freddo, warm-blooded, cold-blooded animal; sacrificio di sangue, blood-sacrifice; spargimento di sangue, bloodshed; vittoria senza spargimento di sangue, bloodless victory; delitto di sangue, crime of violence; un fatto di sangue, an episode involving bloodshed; lotta all'ultimo sangue, fight to the death; soffocare una rivolta nel sangue, to crush a rebellion with bloodshed; cavar sangue a qlcu., to bleed s.o. (anche fig.); picchiare qlcu. a sangue, to beat (s.o.) up badly; versare sangue, to shed blood: versare il proprio sangue per la patria, to shed one's blood for one's country

2 ( famiglia, stirpe, origine) blood; family, stock; origin, extraction: sangue blu, blue blood; sangue reale, blood royal; principe del sangue, prince of the blood; un uomo di sangue plebeo, a man of humble origin (o extraction); la voce del sangue, the call of blood (o of kinship); è di sangue nobile, he comes of a noble family (o of noble stock); è sangue del mio sangue, he is my own flesh and blood; sono uniti da vincoli di sangue, there is a blood tie between them // il sangue non è acqua, (prov.) blood is thicker than water // buon sangue non mente, (prov.) blood will tell out

3 (bot. pop.) sangue di drago, ( Dracaena draco) dragon's blood (o dragon-tree).

◆ FRASEOLOGIA: sangue freddo, (fig.) coolness (o self-possession o composure o courage); a sangue freddo, in cold blood; calma e sangue freddo!, calm and self-control! // al sangue, ( di carne) underdone // assetato di sangue, bloodthirsty // il sangue gli montò al viso, the blood rushed to his face (o he flushed up); il sangue gli andò alla testa nel sentire quelle parole, the blood rose when he heard those words // il tuo racconto mi fa agghiacciare, gelare il sangue, your story makes my blood curdle (o run cold); una vista che agghiaccia, gela il sangue, a blood-curdling sight // me lo sentivo nel sangue, I had a presentiment (o foreboding) of it // mi ribolle il sangue, my blood is up; mi sento ribollire il sangue nelle vene, I feel my blood boil // c'è, corre cattivo sangue fra loro, there is bad blood between them; farsi cattivo sangue, guastarsi il sangue per qlco., to worry (o to fret and fume) over (o about) sthg.; non farti cattivo sangue per me, don't bother your head about me; è inutile farsi cattivo sangue, non cambierà mai, it's no use fretting, he'll never change // non ha sangue nelle vene, he is rather spineless // avere la musica nel sangue, to have music in one's blood // avere il sangue caldo, to be hot-blooded // cavar sangue da una rapa, to get blood out of a stone // sudare, sputare sangue, to sweat, to spit blood // sporcarsi le mani di sangue, to have s.o.'s blood on one's hands (o to be responsible for s.o.'s death) // pagare col sangue, to pay with one's life // succhiare il sangue a qlcu., to suck s.o.'s blood.

* * *
['sangwe] 1.
sostantivo maschile

1) blood

analisi del sangue — blood test

perdere sangue — to bleed

perdere sangue dal naso — to have a nosebleed

animale a sangue caldo, freddo — warm-blooded, cold-blooded animal

macchiato di sangue — bloodstained

al sangue — gastr. [ carne] rare, underdone BE

2) (discendenza)

un principe di sangue reale — a prince of the blood

sangue blu — blue blood

di sangue blu — blue-blooded

fratello di sangue — blood brother

legami di sangue — blood ties

di sangue misto — of mixed blood
2.
aggettivo invariabile

rosso sangue — bloodred, bloody

••

all'ultimo sangue — to the death

versare o spargere sangue to shed blood; bagno di sangue bloodbath; fatto di sangue act of violence; assetato di sangue bloodthirsty; lavare un'offesa nel sangue to wipe out an insult with blood; spargimento di sangue bloodshed; picchiare qcn. a sangue to beat up sb., to beat sb. black and blue; avere il sangue caldo to be hot-blooded; sangue freddo cold-bloodedness, sangfroid; a sangue freddo in cold blood, cold-bloodedly; mantenere il sangue freddo to keep a cool head; ce l'ha nel sangue it's in his genes scherz.; sudare o sputare sangue per qcs. to sweat blood over sth.; farsi il sangue cattivo o avvelenarsi il sangue to eat one's heart out; non avere sangue nelle vene (non avere carattere) to have no guts; fra loro non corre buon sangue there is bad blood between them; succhiare il sangue a qcn. to suck sb. dry; il sangue mi andò alla testa the blood rushed to my head; fare ribollire il sangue a qcn. to make sb.'s blood boil; mi si gela il sangue my blood runs cold; fare raggelare il sangue a qcn. to chill sb.'s blood; il sangue non è acqua blood is thicker than water; buon sangue non mente — prov. blood tells

* * *

sangue

/'sangwe/

I sostantivo m.

1 blood; analisi del sangue blood test; perdere sangue to bleed; perdere sangue dal naso to have a nosebleed; animale a sangue caldo, freddo warm-blooded, cold-blooded animal; macchiato di sangue bloodstained; al sangue gastr. [ carne] rare, underdone BE

2 (discendenza) un principe di sangue reale a prince of the blood; sangue blu blue blood; di sangue blu blue-blooded; fratello di sangue blood brother; legami di sangue blood ties; di sangue misto of mixed blood

II aggettivo invariabile

rosso sangue bloodred, bloody

IDIOMS

all'ultimo sangue to the death; versare o spargere sangue to shed blood; bagno di sangue bloodbath; fatto di sangue act of violence; assetato di sangue bloodthirsty; lavare un'offesa nel sangue to wipe out an insult with blood; spargimento di sangue bloodshed; picchiare qcn. a sangue to beat up sb., to beat sb. black and blue; avere il sangue caldo to be hot-blooded; sangue freddo cold-bloodedness, sangfroid; a sangue freddo in cold blood, cold-bloodedly; mantenere il sangue freddo to keep a cool head; ce l'ha nel sangue it's in his genes scherz.; sudare o sputare sangue per qcs. to sweat blood over sth.; farsi il sangue cattivo o avvelenarsi il sangue to eat one's heart out; non avere sangue nelle vene (non avere carattere) to have no guts; fra loro non corre buon sangue there is bad blood between them; succhiare il sangue a qcn. to suck sb. dry; il sangue mi andò alla testa the blood rushed to my head; fare ribollire il sangue a qcn. to make sb.'s blood boil; mi si gela il sangue my blood runs cold; fare raggelare il sangue a qcn. to chill sb.'s blood; il sangue non è acqua blood is thicker than water; buon sangue non mente prov. blood tells.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > sangue
14 חוור

adj. pale, colorless, pallid, white, wan, sallow, washy, ashen, bloodless, whitelivered
————————
v. be explained, elucidated; be tuned pale
————————
v. become clear, be explained
————————
v. to pale, turn pale; make pale

Hebrew-English dictionary > חוור
15 חור

adj. pale, colorless, pallid, white, wan, sallow, washy, ashen, bloodless, whitelivered
————————
v. be explained, elucidated
————————
v. to pale, turn pale; make pale
————————
hole, aperture, cavity, hollow, bore, cranny, foramen, hiatus, leak, washout ; eye-socket

Hebrew-English dictionary > חור
16 blood

noun

1) (the red fluid pumped through the body by the heart: Blood poured from the wound in his side.) blod

2) (descent or ancestors: He is of royal blood.) ætt, slekt, opphav

•

- bloodless
- bloody
- bloodcurdling
- blood donor
- blood group/type
- blood-poisoning
- blood pressure
- bloodshed
- bloodshot
- bloodstained
- bloodstream
- blood test
- bloodthirsty
- bloodthirstiness
- blood transfusion
- blood-vessel
- in cold blood

blod

I
subst. \/blʌd\/

1) ( også overført) blod

2) ( biologi) sevje, blod, saft

• blood of the grape

druens blod\/saft

3) ( om slektskap) blod, herkomst

• many Americans have Irish blood

mange amerikanere er av irsk herkomst

• he is a prince of the blood

han er prins av herkomst

4) ( gammeldags) laps, snobb

bad blood ondt blod, fiendskap

• the conflict made bad blood between the sisters

konflikten skapte ondt blod mellom søstrene

• she knew the trial might stir up bad blood

hun visste rettsaken kunne komme til å vekke ondt blod

be out for somebody's blood tørste etter noens blod, være ute etter skalpen til noen, være ute etter å ta noen

blood and iron jern og blod, blodig kamp og våpenmakt

blood is thicker than water blod er tykkere enn vann

blood sport blodig\/voldsom sport (som jakt, hanekamp e.l)

blue blood blått blod, kongelig blod

draw blood tappe blod, årelate forårsake blødning, såre til blods ( overført) krenke dypt, såre dypt

give blood gi blod, være blodgiver

have blood on one's hands ha blod på hendene, få hendene besudlet med blod, være skyldig i blodsutgytelse

in cold blood kaldblodig, med overlegg, med velberådd hu

let blood årelate, tappe blod

make somebody's blood boil få noen til å se rødt, få noen til å koke av sinne

more than flesh and blood can stand se ➢ flesh, 1

new blood eller young blood nytt blod, friskt blod, nye\/unge talenter

one's own flesh and blood se ➢ flesh, 1

pass blood ha blod i urinen

related by blood slekt gjennom blodsbånd

run blood blø, dryppe av blod

run\/be in the blood ligge i blodet, ligge i slekten

somebody's blood freezes\/runs cold blodet isner i årene på noen, det går kaldt nedover ryggen på noen

• his blood ran cold when he heard it

blodet isnet i årene hans da han hørte det

• she makes my blood freeze

hun får det til å gå kaldt nedover ryggen på meg

somebody's blood is up\/boiling man koker\/freser av sinne\/opphisselse

take the first blood ( boksing e.l.) få inn første slag ( overført) ta første stikk

taste blood ( hverdagslig) få smaken på noe

• she was scared at first, but once she had tasted blood she wanted to do nothing else

hun var redd til å begynne med, men da hun fikk smaken på det, ville hun ikke gjøre annet

you can't get blood out of a stone hvor intet er, har keiseren tapt sin rett
II
verb \/blʌd\/

1) ( om hunder) gi smak på blod

2) årelate

3) ( hverdagslig) innvie, ta opp (som medlem)

English-Norwegian dictionary > blood
17 sangre

Del verbo sangrar: ( conjugate sangrar) \ \
sangré es: \ \
1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

sangre es: \ \
1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo
Multiple Entries: sangrar sangre
sangrar ( conjugate sangrar) verbo intransitivo [persona/herida/nariz] to bleed
sangre sustantivo femenino 1 (Biol) blood;
◊ una transfusión de sangre a blood transfusion;
no me salió sangre it didn't bleed; te sale sangre de or por la nariz your nose is bleeding; los ojos inyectados en sangre bloodshot eyes; animales de sangre fría/caliente cold-blooded/warm-blooded animals; sangre fría calmness and courage; a sangre fría ‹ matar› in cold blood; See Also→ malo 2 2 ( linaje) blood;
◊ era de sangre noble he was of noble blood o birth;
es de sangre mestiza he is of mixed race; no son de la misma sangre they are not from the same family; sangre azul blue blood
sangrar
I verbo transitivo
1 Med (sacar sangre) to bleed
2 (un párrafo) to indent
3 fam (aprovecharse, abusar) to bleed dry
II verbo intransitivo
1 (salir sangre) to bleed
2 (daño, perjuicio moral) todavía me sangra la humillación que sufrí hace un año, the humiliation still rankles me after a year
sangre sustantivo femenino
1 blood
derramamiento de sangre, bloodshed
2 (familia) blood: son de la misma sangre, they are related o from the same family Locuciones: chupar la sangre a alguien, figurado to bleed sb dry o white
hervirle la sangre a alguien en las venas, to make sb's blood boil
no llegar la sangre al río, not to go beyond that: han reñido, pero no llegó la sangre al río, they've fallen out, but it didn't go beyond that
no tener sangre en las venas o tener la sangre de horchata, to be very unemotional
tener mala sangre, to be malicious
sangre azul, blue blood
sangre fría, sangfroid, calmness
a sangre fría, in cold blood
a sangre y fuego, at all costs, mercilessly ' sangre' also found in these entries: Spanish: azul - banco - baño - bombear - borbotón - circular - coagularse - delito - derramamiento - donar - donante - espanto - grupo - imponer - invencible - limpiar - llegar - negativa - negativo - salir - sangrar - análisis - aprensión - azúcar - bañado - chorrear - chupar - correr - dar - depurar - derramar - escupir - hilo - inyectado - malo - manchado - mestizo - muestra - orinar - sacar - suero - transfusión - verter - vomitar English: blanch - bleed - bleeding - blood - blood bank - blood test - bloodbath - bloodshed - bloodshot - bloody - blue blood - circulate - circulation - clot - cold - cold-blooded - congeal - coolness - curdle - faint - flesh - give - gore - orgy - part - pedigree - pour - presence - pureblood - purebred - run - rush - sample - sangfroid - shed - sight - stem - streak - stream - suck - test - thoroughbred - trace - transfusion - warm-blooded - bank - bloodless - blue - cool - draw

English-spanish dictionary > sangre
18 отливать

I несов. - отлива́ть, сов. - отли́ть
1) (вн.; выливать часть) pour off (d); ( откачивать) pump out (d)

2) (вн.; изготавливать литьём) found (d), cast (d) (in a mould [məʊ-])

3) (откатывать, уходить - о жидкости) flow back; ebb

кровь отлила́ от лица́ у кого́-л — smb's face paled [grew pale; turned bloodless; went white]

4) прост. ( мочиться) make water, take a leak
II
(тв.; каким-л цветом) be shot ( with a colour)

отлива́ть кра́сным [зелёным] — be shot with red [green]

Новый большой русско-английский словарь > отливать
19 hard

1. n твёрдая мощёная или бетонированная дорожка

hard wheat — твёрдая пшеница

hard binding — твёрдая переплётная крышка

hard page break — «твёрдая» граница страницы

hard copy — удобочитаемый, печатный или машинописный текст

2. n твёрдый грунт, по которому можно пройти через топкое болото

to ride hard — мчаться во весь опор

hard flooring — твердое покрытие пола

hard court — твёрдое поле, корт с твёрдым покрытием

to go as hard as one can lick — мчаться во весь опор

excavating of hard ground — разработка плотного грунта

3. n звонкая монета

to pay in hard — платить звонкой монетой

hard money — звонкая монета

4. n сл. каторга

imprisonment at hard labour — лишение свободы с каторжными работами; каторжные работы, каторга

5. n разг. прессованный табак

6. a жёсткий, неприятный на ощупь

hard to the touch — грубый на ощупь

a hard unwilling man — жёсткий, упрямый человек

hard scientist — специалист в области естественных наук

7. a трудный, тяжёлый; требующий напряжения

hard work — тяжёлая работа

hard usage — тяжёлые условия эксплуатации

hard case — трудное дело

hard cases make bad law — трудные дела — плохая основа для законодательства, запутанные дела не могут служить прецедентом

a hard supposition — маловероятное предположение

hard to believe — трудный поверить

he is hard to handle — с ним очень трудно

he is hard to please — ему трудно угодить

do things the hard way — идти трудным путем

it is hard to say why — трудно сказать почему

8. a такой, с которым трудно; с трудом поддающийся

a disease hard to cure — трудноизлечимая болезнь

things hard to imagine — вещи, которые трудно себе представить

a hard language to learn — трудный для изучения язык

he is hard to deal with — с ним трудно иметь дело

the engine is hard to start — этот мотор трудно завести

hard labor — принудительный труд

hard pressed cheese — твердый сыр

hard nut to crack — трудная задача

hard rice — стекловидный длиннозерный рис

this land ploughs hard — эту землю трудно пахать

9. a крепкий, закалённый, сильный

hard muscles — крепкие мускулы

hard liquors — крепкие напитки

hard formation — крепкая порода

hard rolling — сильное скручивание

hard withering — сильное завяливание

it was blowing hard — дул сильный ветер

10. a строгий, суровый; безжалостный, жестокий

hard master — суровый хозяин

hard father — строгий отец

hard winter — суровая зима

hard discipline — суровая дисциплина

hard treatment — жестокое обращение

his lot has been a hard one — его судьба была суровой

11. a тяжёлый, трудный

hard rock — тяжёлый рок

hard nut — трудный вопрос

is hard — трудный; твердый

are hard — трудный; твердый

hard boiling — трудная варка

12. a тяжёлый, суровый, полный трудностей и лишений

hard times — тяжёлые времена

hard years — трудные годы

hard kill — полное уничтожение цели

the hard school of daily life — тяжёлый жизненный опыт

13. a суровый, холодный

hard climate — суровый климат

14. a резкий; грубый; неприятный

hard voice — резкий голос

hard eye — завистливый взгляд

to put the tiller hard over — резко повернуть румпель

hard braking — резкое торможение

hard curd — грубый сгусток

15. a усердный, упорный; прилежный

hard worker — прилежный работник

work hard — работать упорно

fight hard — бороться упорно

to study hard — прилежно учиться

16. a не знающий удержу, усиленно предающийся

hard rider — неутомимый ездок

his heart pumped hard — у него сильно колотилось сердце

hard crack — образование трещин в зоне термического влияния

17. a стойкий, устойчивый

hard against entreaties — не внимающий просьбам

hard failure — устойчивый отказ

hard fault — устойчивая неисправность; отказ

18. a спец. стойкий, не поддающийся биологическому распаду

hard detergents — стойкие детергенты

19. a звонкий

20. a реальный; практичный, лишённый романтики; приземлённый

hard common sense — грубый практицизм; жёсткий рационализм

hard facts — реальные факты

21. a жёсткий, частый

she abbreviated so much that it was hard to understand her letters — она так часто сокращала слова, что её письма было трудно понимать

22. a крепко завязанный

hard knot — крепкий узел

hard rock country — район с крепкими породами

hard formation bit — долото для крепких пород

hard oil sand — крепкий нефтеносный песчаник

hard cutting — крепкая зарубка

hard grain — крепкий кристалл

23. a амер. крепкий; алкогольный

hard liquors — спиртные напитки

hard salting — крепкий посол

hard roof — крепкая кровля

hard top — крепкая кровля

hard gale — крепкий ветер

24. a разг. кислый, терпкий

25. a спец. контрастный

hard image — контрастное изображение

hard light — фото, кино «жёсткий» свет

hard negative — контрастный негатив

hard lighting — контрастное освещение

26. a густой, тягучий

hard fat — консистентная смазка

27. a физ. проникающий, жёсткий

hard X-rays — жёсткое рентгеновское излучение

hard shower — проникающий ливень

hard component — проникающая компонента

28. a фон. твёрдый

29. a создающий привыкание

защищённый

hard feelings — обида

no hard feelings? — вы не обиделись?; вы не будете на меня обижаться?

hard knocks — удары судьбы; напасти, несчастья

he took some hard knocks — ему не везло; несчастья сваливались на него одно за другим

hard lines — незадача, невезение; полоса неудач

hard cheese — невезение

hard and fast — непоколебимый; твёрдый; жёсткий ; строго определённый; незыблемый, раз навсегда установленный

a hard and fast contract — нерушимый договор

a hard and fast bargain — надёжная сделка

hard of hearing — тугоухий; тугой на ухо, глуховатый

the hard of hearing — люди с ослабленным слухом

30. adv сильно, интенсивно; энергично

to run hard — бежать со всех ног

to knock the ball hard — сильно ударить по мячу

hard wheat flour — мука из сильной пшеницы

extremely hard — настойчиво; энергичный

hard beating — интенсивный размол

hard scald — интенсивная шпарка

31. adv настойчиво, упорно; усердно

to work hard — много работать

to think hard — упорно думать

hard sell — навязывание товара; настойчивое рекламирование; броская реклама

32. adv твёрдо, крепко; накрепко

to hold hard — крепко держать или держаться, не отпускать

33. adv вкрутую

to boil an egg hard — сварить яйцо вкрутую

34. adv тяжело, с трудом

to breathe hard — тяжело дышать

to take hard — принимать близко к сердцу; тяжело переживать

to earn money hard — зарабатывать на жизнь тяжёлым трудом

hard time — тяжелое время

hard stop — тяжелый останов

hard hat diver — тяжелый водолаз

hard struggle — тяжелое сражение

hard training — тяжелая тренировка

35. adv неумеренно, чрезмерно

to drink hard — крепко выпивать; пить запоем

36. adv близко, на небольшом расстоянии; около

hard at hand — близко, рядом

to follow hard after — следовать по пятам

the house stands hard by the bridge — дом стоит у самого моста

he lives hard by — он живёт недалеко отсюда

hard by — близко; рядом

37. adv мор. круто, до отказа

hard over helm! — руль на борт!

hard a-port ! — право руля!

hard pressed — в трудном положении

to be hard pressed for time — иметь мало времени

hard put — в затруднении

he was hard put to conceal his irritation — он с трудом скрывал раздражение

hard currency debt — долг в свободно конвертируемой валюте

hard turn of bilge — крутое скуловое закругление

hard lay — крутой спуск

Синонимический ряд:

1. actual (adj.) absolute; actual; factual; genuine; positive; sure-enough

2. alcoholic (adj.) alcoholic; ardent; inebriating; intoxicating; spirituous; stimulating; strong

3. arduous (adj.) arduous; difficile; exhausting; fatiguing; labored; operose; serious; slavish; sticky; strenuous; terrible; toilful; toilsome; uphill; wearisome

4. complicated (adj.) complex; complicated; effortful; enigmatic; formidable; intricate; perplexing; puzzling

5. cruel (adj.) cruel; grinding; oppressive; rough; stony; unmerciful; unrelenting; unsparing

6. grim (adj.) austere; bitter; bleak; brutal; dour; grim; stringent

7. hardy (adj.) casehardened; hardened; hardy; rugged; tough

8. heavy (adj.) heavy; hefty

9. insensible (adj.) anesthetic; bloodless; dull; impassible; insensate; insensible; insensitive; rocky

10. intense (adj.) intense; powerful; violent

11. intensive (adj.) blood-and-guts; deep; intensive; profound

12. irrefutable (adj.) incontrovertible; irrefutable; undeniable

13. realistic (adj.) down-to-earth; earthy; hard-boiled; hardheaded; hard-headed; matter-of-fact; objective; practic; practical; pragmatic; pragmatical; realistic; sober; tough-minded; unfantastic; unidealistic; unromantic; utilitarian

14. severe (adj.) adamant; exacting; hard hearted; indifferent; intemperate; relentless; rigorous; severe

15. shrewd (adj.) callous; shrewd; unsentimental; unsympathetic

16. solid (adj.) adamantine; compact; firm; flinty; impenetrable; inflexible; resistant; resisting; rigid; solid

17. stormy (adj.) inclement; stormy; tempestuous; vigorous; vigourous

18. taxing (adj.) backbreaking; burdensome; demanding; difficult; knotty; laborious; onerous; taxing; trying; weighty

19. unfriendly (adj.) harsh; unfriendly; unkind; unpleasant

20. arduously (other) arduously; burdensomely; difficultly; laboriously; onerously; toilsomely

21. assiduously (other) assiduously; dingdong; exhaustively; intensely; intensively; painstakingly; thoroughly; unremittingly

22. badly (other) badly; gallingly; harshly; painfully; rigorously; roughly; severely; with difficulty

23. bitterly (other) bitterly; keenly; rancorously; resentfully; sorely

24. close (other) at close hand; close; near; nearby; nigh

25. closely (other) closely; searchingly; sharply

26. earnestly (other) earnestly; incessantly; intently

27. energetically (other) energetically; forcefully; forcibly; hammer and tongs; might and main; mightily; powerfully; strongly; vigorously; with might and main

28. fast (other) fast; firm; firmly; fixedly; hardly; solid; solidly; steadfastly; tight; tightly

29. fiercely (other) fiercely; frantically; frenziedly; furiously; madly; stormily; tumultuously; turbulently; vigourously; violently; wildly

Антонимический ряд:

brittle; compassionate; delicate; ductile; easy; effeminate; elastic; fair; feeble; fluid; frail; gentle; impressible; intelligible; lenient; mild; simple; soft

English-Russian base dictionary > hard
20 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

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exsanguinate — 1. To remove or withdraw the circulating blood; to make bloodless. 2. SYN: exsanguine. [L. ex, out, + sanguis ( guin), blood] * * * ex·san·gui·nate (ek sangґwĭ nāt) [ex + L. sanguis blood] 1. to deprive of blood. 2. bloodless (def. 1) … Medical dictionary
exsanguinate — v. drain of blood, make bloodless; bleed to death … English contemporary dictionary
exsanguinated — v. drain of blood, make bloodless; bleed to death … English contemporary dictionary
exsanguinates — v. drain of blood, make bloodless; bleed to death … English contemporary dictionary
exsanguinating — v. drain of blood, make bloodless; bleed to death … English contemporary dictionary
laser surgery — A surgical procedure that uses the cutting power of a laser beam to make bloodless cuts in tissue or to remove a surface lesion such as a tumor … English dictionary of cancer terms
ex|san|gui|nate — «ehks SANG gwuh nayt», transitive verb, nat|ed, nat|ing. to make bloodless. ╂[< Latin exsanguināre (with English ate1) < ex from + sanguis, sanguinis blood] … Useful english dictionary
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